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Using nanocomposites in design-critical applications requires an understanding of their structure–property–function relationships. Despite many reports of highly favorable properties, the behavior of polymer nanocomposites is not generally predictable. The ability to tailor the filler/matrix interaction and an understanding of the impact of the inter face on macroscopic properties are key to designing their properties. Tailoring can be achieved by grafting short mole cules or polymer chains from the surface with precise control over their chain length (1–1000 mers), graft density (0.01–1 chains/nm2), and chemical architecture. The challenge is understanding the impact of the modified surfaces on the properties of the interfacial polymer, which can be more than 50% of the volume of the polymer matrix and, hence, can exert significant control over the macroscopic behavior of the nanocomposite. This ar ticle highlights the …