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How do economic actors in complex business-to-business (B2B) service systems co-create value when resource exchange is contingent on available and accessible Information and Communication Technology (ICT)? In this paper, we draw on findings from a multiple case study of the consulting industry to provide empirical insights into the nature of these technology-enabled value co-creation processes. Our analysis demonstrates that technology-enabled value co-creation processes are complex interactions between interdependent actors who perform any of eight distinct roles. Specifically, our theoretical contribution consists of five propositions that define the roles of actors (who?), resources (what?), and practices (how?) underlying technology-enabled value co-creation in complex B2B service systems. This exploratory study establishes a foundation for future research, and offers managerial guidance in this …